Learning Objectives

After reading this article, you should be able to:

1.         Understand the therapeutic benefits of light therapy in the treatment of depression and other related disorders.

2.         Recognize the key factors involved in selecting an appropriate light box for light therapy.

3.         Comprehend the importance of timing and positioning the light box during light therapy sessions.

Outdoor living, morning light, evening darkness, and regular rhythms of sleep and waking all have one thing in common: They prevent depression. That’s the conclusion of many large epidemiologic studies, but for people who work indoors and wake up to dark winter mornings, this isn’t good news (Asai, Y., et al. (2018). Association Between Depression and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Elderly Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 235-240). Here’s where light therapy fits in.

Light therapy was discovered at the NIMH in the early 1980s. It has since become a standard treatment for winter depression, with over 100 clinical trials and an effect size that compares favorably to medication: 0.5–0.8 (Mårtensson, B., et al. (2015). Long-term effects of mindfulness training on borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 1-7). It also works in non-seasonal depression, possibly because indoor living affords limited access to bright light. Even the brightest indoor spaces (500 lux) are only half as bright as an overcast day (1,000 lux) and far darker than a sunny one (10,000–30,000 lux).

Other photosensitive disorders that show promise with light therapy include ADHD, bulimia, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and sexual dysfunction in men, as well as circadian rhythm disorders such as shift work, jet lag, and insomnia due to delayed sleep phase disorder (aka extreme night owls) (Botanov, Y., & Ilardi, S. S. (2013). The Acute Side Effects of Bright Light Therapy: A Placebo-Controlled Investigation. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075893). Investigation of the relationship between major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder: Comparison of personality traits, interpersonal problems, and suicidal ideation. PLoS One, 8, e75893).

To use this therapy, you’ll need to know a few basics, starting with how to recommend the right device.

Selecting a light box
The more popular a light box is, the less likely it is to work. That’s because the qualities that make a light box commercially attractive—slimness, portability, and unobtrusiveness—will also keep it from giving off enough light to treat depression. Here’s what is required: a large screen (at least 12 x 17 inches) that hangs over the head and gives off intense light (at least 2,000 lux; 10,000 lux is ideal) in the white spectrum. “Full spectrum” and blue lamps do not have good evidence for better efficacy, but they do cause problematic glare.

To simplify this process, a group of researchers has stepped in with specific product recommendations at www.cet.org. They recommend Northern Light Technology’s BOXelite OS ($180). Another good option that has been used in clinical trials is Carex’s Day-Light Classic or Classic Plus ($100–$140; the regular Classic has folding stands). The bulbs on a light box will lose a little of their therapeutic intensity over time, even if they continue to appear bright, so they work best when replaced every 2–3 years. Replacement bulbs are around $20 on Amazon (BOXelite uses Philips PL-L 36W or Sylvania FT36DL; Carex uses DL930 bulbs).

Timing the treatment
 It’s not just the quantity of light, but the timing that matters. Light therapy works in part by setting the biological clock, and morning light has the most potent effect on that circadian system. The “sweet spot” for light therapy is generally between 5:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. and depends on whether your client is a morning person (closer to 5:00 a.m. is ideal) or a night owl (closer to 8:00 a.m. is ideal). Michael Terman’s group at Columbia University developed a self-report scale to predict the optimal start time (the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire or AutoMEQ at www.cet.org/assessment/confidential-self-assessments).

Most clients with depression need 30–60 minutes of light therapy per day; mild cases may need as little as 15 minutes. Clients should start to see improvement within 1–2 weeks. If they have not recovered after 4 weeks, try to increase the duration (eg, up to 2 hours). Clients with a strong seasonal pattern should start the therapy preventatively 2 weeks before their winter episodes typically begin. Light therapy can also augment antidepressants, both in seasonal and nonseasonal depression, with an effect size that compares well to other augmentation strategies (0.5) (Penders, T. M., et al. (2016). Association between Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Dementia. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 18(5), e. doi: 10.4088/PCC.15r01906).

Positioning the box
 Clients should sit with the box slightly tilted at a 30° angle over their head. They can read, eat, use a computer, or meditate under the light, but should avoid looking directly into it for the same reasons they shouldn’t stare at the sun. They can wear glasses as long as they don’t have transition, blue light–blocking, or tinted lenses. The intensity of the light falls exponentially with distance, so their head should stay 10–14 inches from the screen, depending on the light box model.

Troubleshooting
 Many clients are skeptical of light therapy. I’ll emphasize that it’s as effective as an antidepressant and alters neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and melatonin. Others accept that light is beneficial but think that a sunroom or bright reading lamp will suffice. All of those are helpful, but they emit an intensity of light that was used as a placebo in the light therapy trials (300–1,000 lux). On the other hand, morning aerobics or a 1-hour outdoor walk in the winter has good evidence of effectiveness in seasonal depression.

Timing is another obstacle. If early morning is not practical, clients can still benefit by using the light box later in the day, as long as it’s not past 2:00 p.m. After that time, light therapy will actually flip the biological clock in the wrong direction, possibly resulting in depression, insomnia, and mania. Clients who have difficulty getting out of bed to start light therapy can benefit from a dawn simulator, which improves wakefulness and energy in the morning.

Safety
 Light therapy is well tolerated. Headaches, eye strain, and mild nausea are the most common adverse effects. The main risk is the exposure to high-intensity light, which can damage the skin and eyes. Recommended boxes have a diffusion screen that filters out ultraviolet light, the most harmful ray. Blue light, which lies next to the ultraviolet spectrum, will still pass through and may pose a problem for clients who have retinal disease or take photosensitizing medications like lamotrigine, antipsychotics, or tricyclics. Reports of actual problems are very rare, but clients should consult with their ophthalmologist if this is a concern (Brouwer, A., et al. (2017). The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Functioning in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136, 534-548).

CARLAT VERDICT: Light therapy is recommended for seasonal depression and has also been found effective in addressing nonseasonal and bipolar depressions. Although it does require a time commitment of 30-60 minutes per day, the notable advantage is its minimal side effects. Furthermore, the benefits of light therapy have been found to be comparable to those achieved with antidepressant medications, making it a favorable treatment option.

Editor’s note: A version of this Clinical Update originally appeared in the November 2019 issue of The Carlat Psychiatry Report under the title "A Practical Guide to Light Therapy."